钢琴制造家简介：
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巴托罗密欧·克里斯多佛利Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) ，出生于帕多瓦，他是意大利佛罗伦萨美第奇家族的一位乐器制作师。1709年，他以拨弦古钢琴为原形，制作出一架被称为具有“强弱音变化的古钢琴”他在钢琴上采用了以弦槌击弦发音的机械装置，代替了过去拨弦古钢琴用动物羽管波动琴弦发音的机械装置。从而使琴声更富有表现力，音响层次更丰富，并能通过手指触键来直接控制声音的变化。在克里斯福里的第一架钢琴出现后的一百年里，拨弦古钢琴仍为人们所应用，但更多地是为演奏特定作品而使用。故以弦槌代替拨弦发音就成为当时键盘乐器的主要特色，亦是钢琴的标志与象征。 |
Cristofori's pianos：
The total number of pianos built by Cristofori is unknown. Only three survive today, all dating from the 1720s.
- A 1720 instrument is located in the Metropolitan Museum in New York. This instrument has been extensively altered by later builders: the soundboard was replaced in 1938, and the 54-note range was shifted by about half an octave, from F', G', A'–c''' to C–f''. Although this piano is playable, according to builder Denzil Wraight "its original condition ... has been irretrievably lost," and it can provide no indication of what it sounded like when new.[7]
- A 1722 instrument is in the Museo Nazionale degli Strumenti Musicali in Rome. It has a range of four octaves (C-c³) and includes an "una corda" stop; see below. This piano has been damaged by worms and is not playable.[7]
- A 1726 instrument is in the Musikinstrumenten-Museum of Leipzig University. Four octaves (C-c³) with "una corda" stop. This instrument is not currently playable, though in the past recordings were made.[7]
The three surviving instruments all bear essentially the same Latin inscription:
- BARTHOLOMAEVS DE CHRISTOPHORIS PATAVINUS INVENTOR FACIEBAT FLORENTIAE [date]
where the date is rendered in Roman numerals. The meaning is "Bartolomeo Cristofori of Padua, inventor, made [this] in Florence in [date]."
Design：
The piano as built by Cristofori in the 1720s boasted almost all of the features of the modern instrument. It differed in being of very light construction, lacking a metal frame; this meant that it could not produce an especially loud tone. This continued to be the rule for pianos until around 1820, when iron bracing was first introduced. Here are design details of Cristofori's instruments: |
